Invasive species and biosecurity

An introduction-pathway claim resting on the verified physiology plus the biosecurity framework.

• FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Channa micropeltes is an obligate air-breather.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That the movement of live fish is a principal pathway for the introduction and spread of non-native aquatic species.States this directlyPassage read and verified

An introduction-impact claim held to an authoritative standard, with the sterile-triploid response being the management detail that matters.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The framework by which introduced fish are assessed and managed, including the use of sterile triploid stock and controls on stocking.States this directlyPassage read and verified

An introduction-impact claim held to an authoritative standard, because it is a management concern rather than an angling opinion.

• FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That several countries report adverse ecological impact following introduction of Micropterus salmoides.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The general framework for assessing and managing introduced aquatic species.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysPassage read and verified

A statement about invasion status and its management, which is guidance issued by bodies with responsibility for it rather than an angling observation.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The framework under which non-native species are assessed and managed, and the principle that moving live animals and water between sites is the mechanism of spread.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That the species is recorded as a significant invasive outside its native range, with documented effects on shellfish communities.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

The one quarry in this catalogue where the standing advice to return a catch is not merely wrong but unlawful.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That signal crayfish carry crayfish plague, that the disease is fatal to native species, and that live movement and damp equipment are the principal spread vectors.States this directlyPassage read and verified

An introduction-impact claim held to an authoritative standard.

• FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Micropterus dolomieu has been introduced into many countries for sport fishing and that several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The framework by which introduced predatory fish are assessed and managed, and live movement as the transmission route.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysPassage read and verified

An introduction-pathway claim held to an authoritative standard.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That the movement of live fish is a principal pathway for the introduction and spread of non-native aquatic species, and the framework by which introduced predators are assessed.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Cichla temensis is a piscivorous cichlid native to the Amazon and Orinoco basins.States this directlyPassage read and verified

An introduction-impact claim held to an authoritative standard because it concerns a statutory management question.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The framework by which introduced predatory fish are assessed and managed in Britain, including Silurus glanis.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Freshwater Fishes of the British Isles — HarperCollins (New Naturalist 75), 1992 (Reference work)Relied on for: The introduction history of Silurus glanis into western European waters outside its native range.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An establishment and management claim, held to an authoritative standard because it concerns what a statutory body treats as a non-native species.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The status of species introduced outside their native range in Great Britain and the general management framework applied to them.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: That the movement and stocking of fish is regulated in England and Wales.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental effect attached to the thing that causes it, resting on an authoritative source rather than on advocacy.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The global Red List assessment for the species concerned, and the population trend and threats recorded in it.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: UK conservation designation and the status of protected and priority species.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An introduction-impact claim held to a scientific standard, because it is the catalogue's principal worked example of the biosecurity argument.

• FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Lates niloticus was introduced outside its native range and that several countries report adverse ecological impact following introduction.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The mechanism by which introduced generalist predators affect native communities, and live movement as the transmission route.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysPassage read and verified

An environmental effect attached to the thing that causes it, resting on an authoritative source rather than on advocacy.

• NOAA research and management guidance on the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish — NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (Scientific institute)Relied on for: The invasion history, ecology, documented impact on native reef fish recruitment, and the control programmes for Pterois in the western Atlantic.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The global assessment and distribution of the species.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental claim resting on the documented history of the introduction and its consequences, attached to the species that caused it.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The conservation assessment of the species concerned and the basis for treating population status as varying rather than uniform.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Freshwater Fishes of the British Isles — HarperCollins (New Naturalist 75), 1992 (Reference work)Relied on for: The decline of migratory fishes in European rivers and the habitat requirements — including long-duration silt beds for larvae — that explain it.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A species joined to the environmental issue it is a worked example of. `explained_by` cannot carry these — its object must be a `concept` and these are `environment` records — and the distinction is real rather than bureaucratic: an environmental issue is something a species CAUSES or is subject to, not a mechanism that explains it.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Biosecurity guidance for water users and the pathways by which aquatic non-native species are moved between catchments.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Conservation assessment and recorded threats, including the impact of introduced species on native populations.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A species joined to the environmental issue it is a worked example of. `explained_by` cannot carry these — its object must be a `concept` and these are `environment` records — and the distinction is real rather than bureaucratic: an environmental issue is something a species CAUSES or is subject to, not a mechanism that explains it.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Biosecurity guidance for water users and the pathways by which aquatic non-native species are moved between catchments.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Conservation assessment and recorded threats, including the impact of introduced species on native populations.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental effect attached to the thing that causes it, resting on an authoritative source rather than on advocacy.

• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Freshwater fisheries management in England: species status, distribution, invasive species policy and biosecurity practice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: UK conservation designation and the status of protected and priority freshwater species and habitats.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A claim about how a method is used in management, held to an authoritative standard because it is the record's principal defence and should not rest on assertion.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That control and removal of introduced aquatic species is a recognised management response, distinct from recreational harvest.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysPassage read and verified
• FAO fishing gear types and fishing technology information — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: The classification of bow and arrow among harpoon-type fishing gear.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Biosecurity guidance identifies movement of fish and water between waters as a transfer pathway.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That movement of live and dead fish, water and damp equipment between waters is a recognised transfer pathway.States this directlyPassage read and verified

Live fish movement is identified as a principal introduction pathway for non-native species and disease.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That movement of live fish and water between waters is a recognised introduction pathway.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: That the movement of live fish is controlled by statute in England.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A biosecurity claim held to an authoritative standard because it concerns a recognised introduction pathway rather than an angler's preference.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That the movement of live fish is a principal pathway for the introduction and spread of non-native aquatic species.States this directlyPassage read and verified

A biosecurity claim held to an authoritative standard.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That the movement of live bait and shore-collected organisms is a recognised pathway for the introduction and spread of non-native aquatic species.States this directlyPassage read and verified

An environmental claim attached to the transport mechanism rather than to the organism, because the mechanism is the part an angler controls.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That aquatic invasive organisms are transported between catchments on damp angling equipment, and the good-practice guidance addressing it.States this directlyPassage read and verified

A biosecurity claim held to an authoritative standard, because it concerns a statutory management concern rather than an angler's practice.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Pathways by which non-native aquatic species are introduced and spread.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The connectivity of estuarine systems to both freshwater and marine environments.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental pressure that is specific to this place rather than general to fishing, joined so the issue record carries a real example.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Assessment of the species and habitats affected, and the pressures acting on them, including habitat change and exploitation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1995 (Standards body)Relied on for: Principles for responsible fisheries management, precaution, gear selectivity and the treatment of shared and small-scale fisheries.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental pressure that is specific to this place rather than general to fishing, joined so the issue record carries a real example.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Assessment of the species and habitats affected, and the pressures acting on them, including habitat change and exploitation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1995 (Standards body)Relied on for: Principles for responsible fisheries management, precaution, gear selectivity and the treatment of shared and small-scale fisheries.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A claim that a place raises a particular environmental question, resting on the scientific and conservation literature for the system rather than on angling practice.

• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Habitat classification and description for the intertidal, coastal, estuarine and freshwater habitats named, and the species characteristically associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Characterisation of UK inshore sediment, intertidal habitat, estuarine process and the shellfish beds associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental pressure that is specific to this place rather than general to fishing, joined so the issue record carries a real example.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Assessment of the species and habitats affected, and the pressures acting on them, including habitat change and exploitation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1995 (Standards body)Relied on for: Principles for responsible fisheries management, precaution, gear selectivity and the treatment of shared and small-scale fisheries.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental claim attached to the geography where it operates, resting on published assessment rather than on advocacy.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Current conservation assessment of the species and systems concerned, with the assessment date.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations: Biology, Research and Management — Springer, Fish & Fisheries Series vol. 35, 2012 (Scientific literature)Relied on for: The exploitation and management of aggregating reef species, and the evidence on which protection is argued.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Written because the sequence is unusually complete: introduction, mechanism, measured collapse, and a subsequent partial recovery with an identified cause. Most invasion accounts have only the first half.

• EMODnet — the European Marine Observation and Data Network — The European Commission, assembled from the national hydrographic offices, geological surveys and marine institutes of the member states (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Bathymetry, salinity and physical oceanography of European sea basins including the Black Sea.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• The European Environment Agency's assessments of Europe's waters, seas and coasts — European Environment Agency, Copenhagen (Conservation authority)Relied on for: State-of-the-environment assessment of Europe's seas and surface waters, including eutrophication, nutrient loading and river continuity in the Danube and Black Sea catchment.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A claim that a place raises a particular environmental question, resting on the scientific and conservation literature for the system rather than on angling practice.

• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Habitat classification and description for the intertidal, coastal, estuarine and freshwater habitats named, and the species characteristically associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Characterisation of UK inshore sediment, intertidal habitat, estuarine process and the shellfish beds associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A claim that a place raises a particular environmental question, resting on the scientific and conservation literature for the system rather than on angling practice.

• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Habitat classification and description for the intertidal, coastal and freshwater habitats named, and the species characteristically associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Characterisation of UK inshore sediment, intertidal habitat and the shellfish beds associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental pressure that is specific to this place rather than general to fishing, joined so the issue record carries a real example.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Assessment of the species and habitats affected, and the pressures acting on them, including habitat change and exploitation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1995 (Standards body)Relied on for: Principles for responsible fisheries management, precaution, gear selectivity and the treatment of shared and small-scale fisheries.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A claim that a place raises a particular environmental question, resting on the scientific and conservation literature for the system rather than on angling practice.

• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Habitat classification and description for the intertidal, coastal, estuarine and freshwater habitats named, and the species characteristically associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Characterisation of UK inshore sediment, intertidal habitat, estuarine process and the shellfish beds associated with them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental claim about a named water, limited to what the cited monitoring and conservation bodies set out.

• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Conservation status, designation and monitoring of species and habitats in the United Kingdom.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: The structure of freshwater fisheries management in England, including water quality monitoring and fishery regulation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An introduction claim held to an authoritative standard, and included because it complicates the catalogue's usual biosecurity framing rather than repeating it.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The framework by which introduced species are assessed, including that outcomes range from severe harm to established naturalised populations.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysPassage read and verified
• FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss have been introduced widely outside their native ranges.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified

A biosecurity claim held to an authoritative standard.

• NASCO conservation and management of North Atlantic salmon — North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: That biosecurity measures against parasites and disease are a recognised component of Atlantic salmon management.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That equipment is a recognised pathway for the transfer of aquatic parasites and pathogens.States this directlyPassage read and verified

An environmental claim about a region, limited to what the cited fisheries and conservation bodies set out.

• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1995 (Standards body)Relied on for: International principles for responsible fisheries, including small-scale fisheries and the role of national authorities.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Good Fish Guide — Marine Conservation Society (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Synthesis of stock and gear information relating fishing methods to their effects on stocks and habitats.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental pressure operating in this system, recorded rather than adjudicated.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The pathways by which aquatic invasive species move between water bodies, including connected navigations and ballast water, and the general irreversibility of establishment.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• JNCC species and habitat conservation advice — Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Conservation advice on native species and the impact of introduced ones.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An environmental claim about a named water, limited to what the cited assessment and international guidance set out.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Extinction-risk assessment, population trend and the threats identified for freshwater and diadromous species, including barriers to migration and exploitation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1995 (Standards body)Relied on for: International principles for responsible fisheries, including the management of shared and transboundary waters and of introduced species.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

An obligation rather than a courtesy, and the control is drying.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Biosecurity practice for water users, the movement of organisms on equipment, and the role of drying.States this directlyPassage read and verified

Removal and vector control as the two halves of the same problem.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Biosecurity practice for water users, the movement of organisms on equipment, and the role of drying.States this directlyPassage read and verified

The pathway and its consequences are documented by the bodies responsible for non-native species and fisheries health, and the claim is limited to what those bodies set out.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Non-native species pathways, the check-clean-dry biosecurity approach and the role of recreational water users in spread.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: The structure of freshwater fisheries regulation including bait movement, live fish movement and fish health controls.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

The obligation that travels with the gear.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Biosecurity practice for water users, the movement of organisms on equipment, and the role of drying.States this directlyPassage read and verified

The pathway and its consequences are documented by the bodies responsible for non-native species and fisheries health, and the claim is limited to what those bodies set out.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Non-native species pathways, the check-clean-dry biosecurity approach and the role of recreational water users in spread.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: The structure of freshwater fisheries regulation including bait movement, live fish movement and fish health controls.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

The pathway and its consequences are documented by the bodies responsible for non-native species and fisheries health, and the claim is limited to what those bodies set out.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Non-native species pathways, the check-clean-dry biosecurity approach and the role of recreational water users in spread.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: The structure of freshwater fisheries regulation including bait movement, live fish movement and fish health controls.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

A practice joined to the environmental issue it raises specifically rather than to a general concern.

• ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort — International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Stock status, environmental pressures and the scientific basis for advice in the waters concerned.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Assessment of the species and habitats affected, and the pressures acting on them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

The one documented case of spearfishing as a conservation measure, stated with its limits.

• NOAA research and management guidance on the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish — NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (Scientific institute)Relied on for: The invasive lionfish situation in the western Atlantic and Caribbean and diver removal as a local management measure.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Two records a reader will hold together, joined where the relationship between them is the informative part.

• Check Clean Dry — biosecurity guidance for water users — GB Non-native Species Secretariat (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Non-native species pathways, the check-clean-dry biosecurity approach and the role of recreational water users in spread.States this directlyPassage read and verified
• Environment Agency fisheries management, byelaws and rod licensing information — Environment Agency (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: The structure of freshwater fisheries regulation including fish movement, bait movement and biosecurity controls.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Two records a reader would reasonably weigh against one another, joined where the comparison teaches something about both. This is also how the geography hierarchy is expressed, because the model has no containment predicate.

• Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine and freshwater environmental science, including coastal physical processes, productivity and the monitoring behind them.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
• ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort — International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Stock assessment and advice for north-east Atlantic and adjacent stocks, including the environmental drivers of productivity.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly