How to identify atlantic cod
Gadus morhua · Gadidae
The characters that identify atlantic cod, ranked by how far each one can be trusted on its own.
Safety
Barotrauma and pressure injury — Can cause injury needing treatment
A cod brought quickly from depth cannot vent the expanding gas in its swimbladder. It arrives bloated, sometimes with the stomach forced out of the mouth and the eyes protruding, and cannot swim back down if released — so it floats, and dies.
What reduces it: Retrieve more slowly from depth where possible, and use a weighted descending device to return the fish to depth if it is to be released. If a fish cannot be returned in a state where it can swim down, that is a reason to stop fishing that mark rather than to keep releasing fish that will not survive.
Boat safety — Can cause serious injury or death
Winter cod fishing means small boats in cold water and short daylight. An immersion in North Atlantic winter water is a survival problem measured in minutes, and it begins with cold water shock, not with hypothermia.
What reduces it: Lifejacket worn, not stowed. A means of calling for help that works when wet and cold. Tell somebody your plan and your return time. Check the forecast for the whole window, not for the departure, and accept that a marginal forecast in December is not marginal.
Look at this first
Put a finger under the chin. A cod has one obvious barbel there and the two fish it is most often confused with — pollack and saithe — have none. That single check separates it from both in a second, in any light, on any deck.
Diagnostic — settles it on its own
Each of these settles the identification on its own. If one is clear, you have your answer.
A single barbel under the chin
One clear whisker hanging from the lower jaw. Pollack and saithe adults have none, so its presence settles the question against both. Haddock has one too, but a much smaller and less obvious one, and haddock is separated on the lateral line anyway.
A pale lateral line that curves over the pectoral
The line runs light against a darker flank and lifts in a shallow arc above the pectoral fin before running back. Haddock's is black. Pollack's is dark and kinks much more sharply. This is the second check when the barbel is ambiguous in a small fish.
Supporting — use with other characters
Real characters that are not conclusive by themselves. Use two or three together.
The upper jaw overhangs the lower
Seen in profile the snout projects past the chin, giving a slightly downturned face. Pollack is the opposite — markedly undershot — so this is a useful confirmation on a fish whose barbel has been damaged.
Three dorsal fins and two anal fins
The gadoid arrangement, shared with haddock, pollack, saithe and whiting. It tells you the family and nothing about the species, which is exactly why it is listed here rather than higher.
Suggestive only — varies with condition
Hints only. These vary with condition, season, water and how long the fish has been out of it, and a fish that contradicts them is still the same species.
Heavy mottling over a variable ground colour
Cod from rough ground run red-brown; cod from clean sand run greenish or sandy. The mottling is consistent, the colour is not, and a cod that has been on ice for an hour is a different colour again.
What it gets confused with
- Haddock, on the same ground and often in the same catch. The lateral line settles it: cod pale, haddock black.
- Pollack and saithe, particularly small ones. Neither has the chin barbel.
- Whiting, which is smaller, slimmer and has no barbel as an adult.
Side by side: Atlantic cod vs Saithe, Atlantic cod vs Haddock.
Where this stops working
Very small cod are harder than adults: the barbel is short and the mottling less developed. Colour is worthless as a character across the range, and a fish photographed on a deck will already have shifted. Cod hybridise rarely, so a fish that fits none of the above is more likely to be a different gadoid than a cross — work through the barbel and the lateral line rather than trying to reconcile the colour.
The full record
This page covers identification only. The Atlantic cod record covers behaviour, lifecycle, distribution, handling and the sources behind all of it.
Reviewed 2026-08-13.
More about this fish
Telling it apart is one question. Here are the others.
Similar and related fish
- Atlantic herringLarger cod take herring where the shoals are available, which is one of the reasons cod condition varies so much between areas with and without a herring stock.
- CapelinIn the northern part of the range capelin replaces sandeel as the principal prey, and the inshore capelin spawning migration draws cod with it.
- HaddockGadoids sharing water and traces. Haddock have a black lateral line and a dark thumbprint; cod have a pale lateral line. They also feed differently, which decides the bait.
- Lesser sandeelSandeel is a dominant item in North Sea cod diets during the months when the sandeels are out of the sand and in the water column, and cod distribution over sandy ground reflects it.
- SaitheGadoids of the same family. Saithe is separated from the true pollack by a straight pale lateral line where the pollack's curves, and from cod by body form and the forked tail.
What these connections rest on (5)
Scientific evidence — 5 connections
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Atlantic herring
Recorded diet evidence identifies Clupea harengus as a food item of this predator at species level. The edge is written at that granularity and no further.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Food items recorded for this predator, including Clupea harengus.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Species account describing the diet of this predator in the region where Clupea harengus occurs.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Capelin
Recorded diet evidence identifies Mallotus villosus as a food item of this predator at species level. The edge is written at that granularity and no further.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Food items recorded for this predator, including Mallotus villosus.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Species account describing the diet of this predator in the region where Mallotus villosus occurs.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Haddock
An identification and feeding comparison naming both binomials.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Melanogrammus aeglefinus and Gadus morhua are both Gadidae of the North Atlantic continental shelf with overlapping distributions.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: The morphological separation of haddock from cod by lateral line colour and the shoulder blotch, and their differing feeding habits.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Lesser sandeel
Recorded diet evidence identifies Ammodytes marinus as a food item of this predator at species level. The edge is written at that granularity and no further.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Food items recorded for this predator, including Ammodytes marinus.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Species account describing the diet of this predator in the region where Ammodytes marinus occurs.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Saithe
An identification comparison naming both binomials, addressing one of the worst naming collisions in sea angling.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That Pollachius virens and Gadus morhua are both Gadidae of the North Atlantic with overlapping distributions.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: The morphological separation of Pollachius virens from Pollachius pollachius by lateral line form and jaw projection.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
How it is caught
- Drift fishingWorking ground rather than anchoring over it, which finds fish spread across mixed bottom instead of concentrated on one feature.
- JiggingPirks and heavy jigs worked vertically over wreck and rough ground from a boat, taking fish that are feeding above the bottom.
- Kayak fishingInshore rough ground holding cod is reachable by kayak in settled conditions, and a drifting kayak presents a bait or lure over it more slowly than a powered drift.
- LedgeringBait presented hard on the bottom from boat or shore, which is where cod feed and where the food a rough sea dislodges ends up.
- SurfcastingThe shore cod fishery: large baits fished on the bottom over rough ground in cold, coloured, disturbed water.
What these connections rest on (5)
Practitioner consensus — 5 connections
Widely and independently recommended by experienced anglers and specialist sources. This is real angling knowledge, not proof: controlled evidence for it is limited, and FishingHQ records it as convention rather than as a demonstrated effect.
Drift fishing
An established way this species is taken recreationally in north-west European waters, recorded because it is true rather than because it satisfies a gate.
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Shore and boat practice in north-west European sea angling for the species and method described, presented across multiple independent contributors.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practice connecting this quarry to this method, recorded as practitioner consensus rather than as tested fact.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Jigging
An established way this species is taken recreationally in north-west European waters, recorded because it is true rather than because it satisfies a gate.
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Shore and boat practice in north-west European sea angling for the species and method described, presented across multiple independent contributors.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practice connecting this quarry to this method, recorded as practitioner consensus rather than as tested fact.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Kayak fishing
Established angling practice for this species, recorded as convention. The note states the property of the animal or its water that makes the method the answer.
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Established sea-angling technique and its application to this species.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practice connecting this species and method.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Ledgering
An established way this species is taken recreationally in north-west European waters, recorded because it is true rather than because it satisfies a gate.
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Shore and boat practice in north-west European sea angling for the species and method described, presented across multiple independent contributors.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practice connecting this quarry to this method, recorded as practitioner consensus rather than as tested fact.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Surfcasting
An established way this species is taken recreationally in north-west European waters, recorded because it is true rather than because it satisfies a gate.
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Shore and boat practice in north-west European sea angling for the species and method described, presented across multiple independent contributors.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practice connecting this quarry to this method, recorded as practitioner consensus rather than as tested fact.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Where it lives
What these connections rest on (1)
Scientific evidence — 1 connection
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Rocky shores and reefs
Habitat association documented in the fisheries science literature.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat and depth records for Gadus morhua.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Cod habitat use and distribution in UK waters.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Where you will find it
- Chesil BeachHistorically the beach's winter fish, taken from the deeper eastern sections, though western Channel abundance has changed considerably over recent decades.
- DenmarkTaken from shore and boat through the colder half of the year on both the Baltic and North Sea sides, under measures that have been revised repeatedly as the stocks changed.
- Greenland and the high ArcticPresent at the edge of its range here, with a documented boom and collapse driven by warming, cooling and fishing together within the twentieth century.
- IcelandThe historic foundation of the Icelandic economy and still within reach of a small boat, on a shelf where warm Atlantic and Arctic water meet.
- Morecambe Bay and the north-west England coastThe winter codling fishery from the open shores and structures of this coast, on the eastern Irish Sea pattern: following rough weather and cooling water rather than a date.
- Norway and the Nordic coastCod in numbers and at sizes largely lost further south, in cold deep water close to the shore, which is the basis of the Norwegian coast's reputation.
- Portland Bill and the Portland RaceWorks the deeper ground around the headland on the seasonal pattern common to the western Channel.
- ShetlandOccupies the hard ground and deeper water around the islands, and was one of the two species the historic haaf fishery was built on.
10 more
- The Baltic Sea Fishing regions
- The Channel shingle coasts Fishing regions
- The Firth of Clyde Fishing regions
- The Isle of Man Fishing regions
- The Moray Firth Fishing regions
- The Norfolk and Suffolk sandbank coast Fishing regions
- The north-east England coast Fishing regions
- The Severn Estuary Fishing regions
- The Wash and the Lincolnshire coast Fishing regions
- The Yorkshire coast Fishing regions
What these connections rest on (18)
Scientific evidence — 18 connections
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Chesil Beach
A distribution association between an animal and a described water body, which is what the `inhabits` predicate is for — the kind of water rather than a named mark.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, depth and ground preference of fishes in British and north-west European waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and depth range recorded for the species.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
Denmark
That a species occurs in these waters, drawn from distribution science and stock assessment. It is a statement about where the animal lives and is not a statement that anybody will catch one, still less where.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association of the species named, including its occurrence in the waters of the jurisdiction named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort — International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Stock distribution and assessment across the European ecoregions, which is the basis for stating that a species occurs in a given national sea area.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Greenland and the high Arctic
A distribution association between an animal and a described water body, which is what the `inhabits` predicate is for — the kind of water rather than a named mark.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and depth range recorded for the species, including its occurrence in the water body concerned.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Assessment and range account for the species, including the systems and coasts it occupies.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Iceland
That a species occurs in these waters, drawn from distribution science and stock assessment. It is a statement about where the animal lives and is not a statement that anybody will catch one, still less where.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association of the species named, including its occurrence in the waters of the jurisdiction named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- ICES Advice on fishing opportunities, catch and effort — International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Stock distribution and assessment across the European ecoregions, which is the basis for stating that a species occurs in a given national sea area.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Morecambe Bay and the north-west England coast
A claim that a place contains the ground, water and seasonal conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Norway and the Nordic coast
A distributional claim taken from reference works on the fishes of the region rather than from angling report. It states presence and asserts nothing about a fishery.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, depth range and feeding behaviour recorded for the species concerned.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat and biology of the fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Portland Bill and the Portland Race
A distribution association between an animal and a described water body, which is what the `inhabits` predicate is for — the kind of water rather than a named mark.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, depth and ground preference of fishes in British and north-west European waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and depth range recorded for the species.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
Shetland
A distribution association between an animal and a described water body, which is what the `inhabits` predicate is for — the kind of water rather than a named mark.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, depth and ground preference of fishes in British and north-west European waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and depth range recorded for the species.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
The Baltic Sea
Occurrence of the species in this system or along this coast: a statement about the animal's distribution, not a venue recommendation.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of fishes in British and north-west European waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, depth range and habitat association recorded for the species.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Channel shingle coasts
Occurrence of the species in this system or along this coast: a statement about the animal's distribution, not a venue recommendation.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of fishes in British and north-west European waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, depth range and habitat association recorded for the species.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Firth of Clyde
A claim that a place contains the ground, water and seasonal conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Isle of Man
A distributional claim about where a species occurs, which is a claim about the world and rests on the reference literature rather than on angling report.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and biology of the fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine fisheries science: distribution, survey data and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The Moray Firth
A claim that a place contains the ground, water and seasonal conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts, estuaries and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Norfolk and Suffolk sandbank coast
A claim that a place contains the ground and conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine and estuarine fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The north-east England coast
A claim that a place contains the ground and conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine and estuarine fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Severn Estuary
A distribution association between an animal and a described water body, which is what the `inhabits` predicate is for — the kind of water rather than a named mark.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, depth and ground preference of fishes in British and north-west European waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and depth range recorded for the species.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
The Wash and the Lincolnshire coast
A claim that a place contains the ground, water and seasonal conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts, estuaries and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Yorkshire coast
A claim that a place contains the ground, water and seasonal conditions the species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the regional reference literature, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution and habitat association of the marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes of the British Isles, including which coasts and ground types a species occupies.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified