Before you spearfish — this comes first
- Get proper instruction before you spearfish. A recognised freediving or spearfishing course teaches the things that actually kill people in this sport, and reading about them is not the same as being taught them.
- Dive with a buddy, and dive one up, one down — one diver in the water, one on the surface watching them, every dive. A breath-hold blackout is silent and gives no warning; a watching buddy is the difference between an incident and a fatality.
- Stay inside your own training and experience. Depth and breath-hold times are personal, they change day to day, and nobody else's numbers apply to you.
- Understand the conditions before you enter the water: visibility, current, swell, tide, boat traffic and your exit. Conditions decide whether a dive is reasonable far more often than skill does.
- Use equipment you have been shown how to use, check it before every session, and be visible — a marked float and line are how boat traffic knows you are there.
- Never extend a dive for a fish. No catch is worth pushing a breath-hold, and the urge to take one more second is exactly what a blackout feels like from the inside — which is to say, like nothing at all.
Reef spearfishing
Method · Last reviewed 2026-08-10
Hunting the most species-rich environment there is, where identification matters more than technique and the substrate is a living animal.
Safety
Encounters with marine life — Can cause injury needing treatment
Reefs hold venomous and hazardous species — stonefish, lionfish, cone shells, fire coral, morays in holes — and a struggling speared fish is a strong attractant to larger predators. Most incidents involve a hand placed without looking, or a diver holding a bleeding fish.
What reduces it: Know which hazardous species are present before you dive. Do not put hands into holes. Get shot fish out of the water promptly and be prepared to abandon one. Wear gloves and a suit that covers you.
Shallow water blackout and breath-hold loss of consciousness — Can cause serious injury or death
Warm water, excellent visibility and comfortable conditions make long dives feel easy. The physiology is entirely indifferent to how pleasant the water is.
What reduces it: Training first. One up, one down. Never hyperventilate. Dive times set on the surface and kept to. Surface intervals longer than the dive.
Fish welfare — Can cause injury needing treatment
A shot fish that reaches structure is frequently lost, and a lost fish with a shaft wound is a wounded animal that is not recovered. On reef this happens more than anywhere else, because structure is everywhere.
What reduces it: Take shots only at ranges and angles where placement is certain, and decline the rest. Use a tip adequate for the fish. Keep the point sharp. Declining a marginal shot is the capability that makes this method defensible.
Precautions that always apply here
- Never spearfish or freedive alone.
- Dive one up, one down: one diver down, one on the surface actively watching, every single dive.
- Never hyperventilate before a breath-hold. It delays the urge to breathe without adding oxygen, which is precisely the mechanism behind shallow water blackout.
- Keep fingers out of the gills and clear of the teeth. Gill damage is usually fatal to the fish, and several species will remove skin from a finger.
Reef spearfishing is not one technique but a setting in which several are used — aspetto against a coral head, stalking along a drop-off, hole hunting in the reef itself. What makes it a distinct thing worth its own record is that the environment changes what the diver has to know.
Visibility is usually excellent, which makes fish identifiable at range and makes the diver equally visible. Species diversity is very high, so the question is rarely whether there is a fish and almost always which fish, whether it may be taken, and whether it should be. And the substrate is alive: coral is built by animals, grows slowly, and does not recover from being kicked, stood on or shot into on any timescale a diver will see.
That produces a discipline where the constraints are mostly not about ability. A competent diver on a reef can take a great many fish. Almost every decision that matters is about which ones, and the answer depends on species biology — how long they live, whether they change sex, whether they are site-attached to this piece of reef and will not be replaced from anywhere else.
It is also where a spearfisher's obligation to identify before shooting is at its sharpest, because the number of species present is large, several are protected, and some are dangerous to eat.
What it is
Breath-hold spearfishing conducted on tropical and subtropical coral reef, using whichever technique the ground calls for, and characterised less by technique than by high species diversity, excellent visibility and a living substrate that damage does not repair.
How it works
The diver works the reef's zones — flat, crest, slope and drop-off — each holding a different community. Approaches are made against structure so the diver is broken up rather than silhouetted, and shots are taken at ranges where the species and its size are certain. Fish are removed from the water promptly rather than towed, both because a bleeding fish attracts larger predators and because it is the only reliable way to stop a shot fish reaching structure.
What it is for
To take fish selectively in the richest inshore environment there is, in conditions where the diver can see and identify the animal fully before committing to a shot.
Setting it up
- Identify before you shoot. In this environment that is not a slogan — the species list is long and includes protected and toxic fish.
- Do not touch, stand on or brace against living coral. It is an animal and it does not grow back on your timescale.
- Take shots at ranges where placement is certain, so shot fish do not reach structure.
- Get fish out of the water promptly rather than towing them.
- Know what is protected, what is closed and what is dangerous to eat WHERE YOU ARE, before you get in.
Advantages
- The most selective fishing there is: the animal is seen, identified and judged before anything is committed.
- No bycatch and no undersized fish taken by accident.
- Excellent visibility makes both identification and shot placement reliable.
- High diversity means a session is rarely blank.
Limitations
- The substrate is living and fragile, and careless diving damages it permanently.
- Many reef species are long-lived, site-attached and slow to replace.
- Regulatory variation is severe and protected species are numerous.
- Ciguatera makes some fish in some places unsafe to eat regardless of how they were caught.
Conditions
Reef diving wants settled conditions, good visibility and enough current to have brought fish onto the structure without making it hard to hold position. Swell over shallow reef is dangerous rather than merely awkward, because the diver is being moved against something hard and alive. Tidal state governs which parts of a reef system are working, exactly as it does everywhere else.
Common mistakes
- Shooting a fish that has not been positively identified.
- Contact with coral — fins, hands, knees, or a shot that goes through into the reef.
- Towing bleeding fish rather than getting them out of the water.
- Assuming a species that is fine to eat at home is fine to eat here.
- Selecting for the largest fish on a small piece of reef, repeatedly.
Reading a reef, and why the same reef is four different places
Reef diving is the ordinary case of this sport, which is exactly why it gets described least. A reef is not a uniform thing to be swum over; it is a set of distinct habitats a few metres apart, and knowing which one you are on decides the technique before anything else does.
THE EDGE, WHERE STRUCTURE MEETS SAND. This is the highest-value ground on most reefs and the reason is mechanical: it is a boundary that fish patrol along, so animals that would never cross open ground travel it. It rewards waiting, positioned in the structure looking out over the sand.
THE TOP, IN THE LIGHT AND THE SWELL. Shallow, bright, surgy, and holding different species — grazers, small predators, and whatever is passing. It is the easiest ground to dive and the most disturbed, and it is where a diver's own shadow and silhouette matter most.
THE WALL AND THE DROP. Vertical structure changes what a diver can see and what can see them, and it puts a fish's escape route below rather than away. It is also where depth accumulates without a diver noticing, because there is no bottom underneath to reference against.
THE HOLES AND OVERHANGS. Residential ground for territorial fish, and the domain of `hole-hunting` with its own risk picture.
AND THE THING THAT TIES THEM TOGETHER IS DISTURBANCE. A reef is a small, finite place with a memory. Swimming hard over the top of it moves every fish off the top and out of the edges for a considerable time, and a diver who has 'covered' a reef in ten minutes has usually emptied it rather than hunted it. This is the practical reason the technique records emphasise slow, quiet and few — and it is also the conservation reason, because a reef dived hard and repeatedly by many divers loses its resident fish first.
THE KELP CASE IS THE TEMPERATE VERSION OF ALL OF THIS and has a hazard of its own: kelp is structure that moves, closes behind you, and holds line. `reef-and-kelp-diving-compared` sets the two against each other.
Authoritative guidance
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
- BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Established practitioner description of spearfishing technique, ground selection and rigging, recorded as practitioner literature rather than as scholarship.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: Technical and sporting standards for underwater activities, including spearfishing conduct, technique convention and the safety expectations set by the international underwater federation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated descriptions of established spearfishing practice and equipment convention, recorded as practitioner consensus rather than as scholarship.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Where to go next
What it catches
- Red lionfishSeagrass and mangrove edges are searched alongside reef during lionfish culls, because the fish uses all three and a cull that only covers reef leaves a reservoir behind.
- Black rockfishJigs and soft plastics fished off the bottom, since the species holds up in the water column.
- Black sea bassBaited hooks and jigs fished over structure from party and small boats.
- Coral troutBaits, jigs and trolled lures over coral, and a common spearfishing quarry.
- Great barracudaRoutinely encountered on reef and routinely declined — not for difficulty but because large barracuda carry ciguatoxin through much of the range, which no preparation removes.
- LingcodHeavy jigs and swimbaits worked hard on the reef, and a common quarry for reef spearfishing.
- Red scorpionfishA genuine Mediterranean spearfishing target rather than an incidental encounter, hunted by divers working slowly and looking rather than swimming.
- White seabreamFine float and leger tackle with natural baits fished close to rock, and a common spearfishing quarry.
1 more
- Yellowtail snapper Fish
What these connections rest on (9)
Practitioner consensus — 8 connections
Widely and independently recommended by experienced anglers and specialist sources. This is real angling knowledge, not proof: controlled evidence for it is limited, and FishingHQ records it as convention rather than as a demonstrated effect.
Red lionfish
What divers actually use a technique for, recorded as convention.
- CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: Breath-hold diving and spearfishing practice, training structure and safety expectations as set out by the international underwater federation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice: ground, approach, quarry behaviour and the handling of speared fish, from a practitioner tradition distinct from the European one.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Practice, recorded as practice.
- CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: Breath-hold diving and spearfishing practice, training structure and safety expectations as set out by the international underwater federation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice: approach, quarry behaviour and the handling of speared fish, from a practitioner tradition distinct from the European one.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Black rockfish
A practitioner claim about how Sebastes melanops is commonly fished, following from where and how it feeds.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner accounts of fishing for black rockfish.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Practitioner treatment of the methods used for black rockfish and comparable species.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Black sea bass
A practitioner claim about how Centropristis striata is commonly fished, following from where and how it feeds.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner accounts of fishing for black sea bass.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Practitioner treatment of the methods used for black sea bass and comparable species.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Coral trout
A practitioner claim about how Plectropomus leopardus is commonly fished, following from where and how it feeds.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner accounts of fishing for coral trout.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Practitioner treatment of the methods used for coral trout and comparable species.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Lingcod
A practitioner claim about how Ophiodon elongatus is commonly fished, following from where and how it feeds.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner accounts of fishing for lingcod.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Practitioner treatment of the methods used for lingcod and comparable species.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Red scorpionfish
Practice, recorded as practice.
- CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: Breath-hold diving and spearfishing practice, training structure and safety expectations as set out by the international underwater federation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice: approach, quarry behaviour and the handling of speared fish, from a practitioner tradition distinct from the European one.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
White seabream
A practitioner claim about how Diplodus sargus is commonly fished, following from where and how it feeds.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner accounts of fishing for white seabream.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Practitioner treatment of the methods used for white seabream and comparable species.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Yellowtail snapper
A practitioner claim about how Ocyurus chrysurus is commonly fished, following from where and how it feeds.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner accounts of fishing for yellowtail snapper.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Practitioner treatment of the methods used for yellowtail snapper and comparable species.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Scientific evidence — 1 connection
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Great barracuda
A food-safety claim held to a scientific standard because getting it wrong makes somebody seriously ill, and because the regional variation is the part that matters.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That although Sphyraena barracuda is ciguatoxic elsewhere throughout its range, it has not been reported to be poisonous in the eastern Atlantic — establishing that the risk varies regionally within one species.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Related techniques
What these connections rest on (1)
Scientific evidence — 1 connection
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Spearfishing
The claims that make reef spearfishing distinct — species diversity, protogyny, ciguatera — are biological rather than practitioner claims and are held accordingly.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That protogynous hermaphroditism occurs widely in reef-associated genera such that the largest individuals are disproportionately male, and that ciguatoxicity is recorded for some reef species in parts of their range.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- Good Fish Guide — Marine Conservation Society (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That gear selectivity and species life history are both components of fishery sustainability assessment.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
What you fish it with
What these connections rest on (1)
Authoritative guidance — 1 connection
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Pole spears and Hawaiian slings
The environment and tradition where they are central.
- FAO fishing gear types and fishing technology information — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Gear classification for spears, harpoons and hand-operated spear devices across fishing traditions.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Skills behind it
- Bottom type, and what lives on itSand, rubble, reef, kelp, seagrass and wreck each hold a different community for structural reasons.
- Ciguatera and reef fish poisoningThe discipline that selects for the risk. Ciguatoxin accumulates up a reef food chain, so the large predatory reef fish a spearo can select individually are exactly the fish most likely to carry it — and the toxin is undetectable by appearance, smell or taste and survives cooking. Local knowledge about which species and which reefs is the only usable control and it does not travel between islands.
- Entanglement, and the knife that is not a weaponReefs and wrecks accumulate discarded net and line, which behave like the diver's own line and are harder to see.
- How a band speargun worksReef work is where band guns dominate, because they are quiet and field-repairable.
- Identifying fish underwaterOn reef the question is almost never whether there is a fish. It is which fish, whether it may be taken, and whether it should be — and all three are answered before the shot or not at all.
- Reef and kelp diving comparedReef is a maze you can see through and kelp is a forest you cannot, and the shot discipline each demands is different because of how much of the fish you can see before committing.
- Shafts, threads and shaft diameterShafts bend on rock rather than on fish, so damage is a function of the ground being dived.
- Spearguns and slingsShort guns and pole spears suit confined reef ground.
2 more
What these connections rest on (10)
Scientific evidence — 2 connections
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Bottom type, and what lives on it
The most transferable habitat knowledge in the discipline.
- Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine habitat science on substrate type, structural complexity and associated fish communities.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Ciguatera and reef fish poisoning
A method or discipline joined to the mechanism that changes how it is conducted. Written where the method's own practice differs because of the mechanism — a different bait, a different season, a different handling routine, a decision not to eat something — and refused where the mechanism is merely true of the fish being caught.
- Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance — US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 2022 (Standards body)Relied on for: Hazard analysis for fish and fishery products, including scombrotoxin formation with time and temperature, ciguatera, and marine biotoxins in molluscan shellfish.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- Biotoxin and phytoplankton monitoring — Food Standards Agency, 2026 (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Biotoxin and phytoplankton monitoring in shellfish harvesting areas and the basis on which areas are classified and closed.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Authoritative guidance — 6 connections
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Entanglement, and the knife that is not a weapon
The environment supplies the second-largest source.
- BSAC diving safety guidance and annual incident report — British Sub-Aqua Club (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diving safety guidance on entanglement hazards and emergency cutting equipment.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
How a band speargun works
The technique where the mechanics matter most.
- FAO fishing gear types and fishing technology information — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Gear classification and construction for spears and powered spear devices.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Shafts, threads and shaft diameter
The environment that determines the failure rate.
- FAO fishing gear types and fishing technology information — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Spear and harpoon construction and specification.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Spearguns and slings
Short guns and pole spears suit confined reef ground.
- DAN guidance on freediving safety, hypoxia and shallow-water blackout — Divers Alert Network (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diver safety guidance underlying this connection. Short guns and pole spears suit confined reef ground.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Stringers, catch bags, and keeping fish away from you
An international difference with a safety consequence.
- BSAC diving safety guidance and annual incident report — British Sub-Aqua Club (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diving safety and equipment guidance on managing catch in the water.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Surge, and how it behaves around structure
The environment where it is met.
- Rock fishing safety and the declared lifejacket areas of New South Wales — NSW Department of Primary Industries and Surf Life Saving NSW (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Rock platform safety including swell sets, wave height variability and entry and exit hazards.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Practitioner consensus — 2 connections
Widely and independently recommended by experienced anglers and specialist sources. This is real angling knowledge, not proof: controlled evidence for it is limited, and FishingHQ records it as convention rather than as a demonstrated effect.
Identifying fish underwater
A practitioner claim linking the environment to the discipline's one genuinely distinctive skill.
- General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated practitioner guidance on declining shots where identification is uncertain.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Good Fish Guide — Marine Conservation Society (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That knowing what a fish is precedes any judgement about whether to take it.Citation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Reef and kelp diving compared
A mechanism edge from a record to the reasoning beneath it, resting on practice reported consistently across independent sources rather than on experiment.
- BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice including equipment selection, rigging, technique and the reasoning behind gear choices.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: International underwater federation standards for training, competition and the safe conduct of underwater activities.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Safety reading
- Sharks and spearfishingReef hunting with a catch attracts predators to the diver.
- Venomous and spined fishReef species include several of the venomous families.
What these connections rest on (2)
Authoritative guidance — 2 connections
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Sharks and spearfishing
Reef hunting with a catch attracts predators to the diver.
- DAN guidance on freediving safety, hypoxia and shallow-water blackout — Divers Alert Network (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diver safety guidance underlying this connection. Reef hunting with a catch attracts predators to the diver.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Venomous and spined fish
Reef species include several of the venomous families.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water-safety guidance underlying this connection. Reef species include several of the venomous families.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Environment and conservation
What these connections rest on (1)
Authoritative guidance — 1 connection
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Marine protected areas and spearfishing
Reef habitat is what designations most often target.
- DAN guidance on freediving safety, hypoxia and shallow-water blackout — Divers Alert Network (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diver safety guidance underlying this connection. Reef habitat is what designations most often target.States this directlyPassage read and verified
History and culture
What these connections rest on (1)
Authoritative guidance — 1 connection
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Pacific spearfishing traditions
Historical and fisheries context underlying this connection.
- FAO fishing gear types and fishing technology information — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Descriptions of small-scale and customary reef fishing practice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Reef hunting for food is the older and wider practice.
- DAN guidance on freediving safety, hypoxia and shallow-water blackout — Divers Alert Network (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diver safety guidance underlying this connection. Reef hunting for food is the older and wider practice.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Check the rules before you fish
Fishing laws, bylaws, access rules, seasons, bait restrictions and permitted methods vary by location and can change. Check the current rules from the relevant authority and the water you intend to fish before fishing.
Check with:
- Current national or regional law for where you are fishing
- Current local bylaws
- The relevant fisheries authority
- The landowner, club or fishery whose water it is
- Any restrictions specific to the species or the method you intend to use
Sources for this page
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: That reef-associated species include protogynous and site-attached taxa whose population structure is affected by selective removal of large individuals, and that ciguatera toxicity is recorded for some reef species in parts of their range.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- Good Fish Guide — Marine Conservation Society (Conservation authority)Relied on for: That life-history traits and gear selectivity are both components of whether a harvest is sustainable.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
How FishingHQ labels evidence is explained in the evidence policy.