Venomous and spined fish
Safety · Last reviewed 2026-08-10
A large number of ordinary angling species carry spines that puncture, and a smaller number deliver venom through them — where hot water immersion is the established first response.
Safety
Venomous and spined species — Can cause injury needing treatment
A spine punctures a hand during unhooking. Where the spine carries venom, pain is immediate and out of proportion to the wound; where it does not, the risk is a deep, contaminated puncture prone to infection.
What reduces it: Grip across the body with the dorsal folded, use pliers or a dehooker rather than fingers, and treat venom wounds by immersion in water as hot as can be tolerated. Clean every puncture and seek medical advice where anything may remain in the wound.
Injury while handling fish — Can cause injury needing treatment
Gill covers, opercular spines and pectoral spines cut and puncture during handling of otherwise harmless species.
What reduces it: Wear gloves or use a wet cloth, control the fish across the body, and keep fingers clear of the gill plates.
Two different problems get bundled together. Most fish spine injuries are mechanical: a dorsal spine, a gill cover or a pectoral spine punctures a hand. Those wounds are small, deep, dirty and disproportionately prone to infection, and the risk is the infection rather than the puncture.
A smaller group deliver venom. Weever fish, scorpionfish, stonefish, rabbitfish, some catfish and stingrays all inject protein-based venom through a spine, and the resulting pain is out of all proportion to the size of the wound.
For those venoms the established first response is immersion in water as hot as can be tolerated without scalding, because the toxins are heat-labile. That is a genuinely useful piece of knowledge that many anglers do not have, and it is the single most valuable thing on this page.
Recognising the fish that matter
The species in this catalogue that carry a meaningful spine or venom risk are flagged on their own records, and the pattern is worth knowing in general terms rather than as a list to memorise.
Scorpaeniformes — the rockfishes, scorpionfishes and their relatives — carry venomous dorsal, anal and pelvic spines. Weever fish bury themselves in sand in shallow water and are stepped on rather than caught. Stingrays carry a serrated tail barb. Many catfish carry serrated pectoral spines that lock outward. Several reef species carry spines on the gill cover as well as the fins.
Mechanical spine risk is far wider: perch, bass, bream, gurnard, catfish, and most spiny-rayed fish will puncture a hand closed carelessly around them. The grip that avoids it is across the body from front to back, folding the dorsal down.
Scientific evidence
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Species-level records of venomous and spined fishes, including the families in which venom apparatus occurs.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Morphological descriptions of spine arrangement in European species including the weevers.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
First aid, and its limits
For a venomous spine wound the established approach is to immerse the affected part in water as hot as can be comfortably tolerated — hot enough to be effective, not hot enough to scald — because the venoms involved are broken down by heat. Relief is often rapid and can be dramatic.
For any puncture, venomous or not, the wound should be cleaned and checked for retained spine fragments, and medical advice sought if there is any doubt about what remains in it. Puncture wounds from fish spines are a recognised route for unusual infections, including organisms not covered by everyday assumptions about wound care.
This page does not give medical diagnosis and does not attempt to substitute for it. Severe pain, systemic symptoms, or any sting from a species you cannot identify warrants professional medical care, and in some regions certain species carry risks that require it urgently.
Authoritative guidance
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
- RoSPA water safety information and UK accidental drowning statistics — Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: General first-aid framing for recreational injuries sustained in and around water.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
Where to go next
Fish involved
- Common stingrayA serrated, backward-barbed spine sheathed in venomous tissue on a whip tail the fish lashes FORWARD over its own back — so it reaches the hands holding the disc and the leg the fish is laid across. It penetrates footwear.
- Greater weeverThe most venomous fish in British and Irish waters. Venomous spines in the black first dorsal fin and on each gill cover; the treatment for a sting is immersion in water as hot as can be tolerated without scalding, because the venom is heat-labile.
- Grey gurnardGill-cover and shoulder spines plus a spiny first dorsal, none venomous and all capable of a puncture that infects readily. The species most likely to injure a hand on a British charter boat.
- Lesser weeverThe commonest cause of marine envenomation in Britain, and the species the safety topic most needs to be able to show a reader.
- Red lionfishEighteen venomous spines on a fish that hovers rather than fleeing, and most stings happen on the boat rather than in the water.
- Red scorpionfishThe safety topic named the scorpionfish and the catalogue could not show a reader one. This is the record that closes that.
- Reef stonefishThe most consequential entry in the safety topic, and the one it most needed to be able to show a reader.
- Spotted eagle rayVenomous spines near the base of a whip tail longer than the body, lashed defensively when the animal is crowded or handled. Every serious injury has followed somebody getting close to the tail.
2 more
- Spurdog Fish
- Tub gurnard Fish
What these connections rest on (10)
Authoritative guidance — 10 connections
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Common stingray
A hazard the species genuinely presents, joined to the record that explains how to manage it.
- Shark Trust identification guides and angling best practice — The Shark Trust (Angling or fisheries organisation)Relied on for: Identification characters separating the British sharks, skates and rays, and the handling, unhooking and release practice asked of anglers.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Greater weever
A hazard carried by this record joined to the topic that explains it in full, so that the warning on the page has somewhere to lead.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, identification and biology of the fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic characters, habitat and depth range as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Grey gurnard
A hazard carried by this record joined to the topic that explains it in full, so that the warning on the page has somewhere to lead.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, identification and biology of the fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic characters, habitat and depth range as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Lesser weever
A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance for coastal and inland users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Red lionfish
A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance for coastal and inland users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Red scorpionfish
A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance for coastal and inland users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Reef stonefish
A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.
- UK Diving Medical Committee guidance on medical standards for divers — UK Diving Medical Committee (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Medical guidance relevant to divers and water users, including the recognition and management of marine envenomation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic characters and distribution of the venomous species concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Spotted eagle ray
A hazard the species genuinely presents, joined to the record that explains how to manage it.
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving practice and marine hazard management, including behaviour around large marine animals and the management of envenomation injuries.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Spurdog
A hazard the species genuinely presents, joined to the record that explains how to manage it.
- Shark Trust identification guides and angling best practice — The Shark Trust (Angling or fisheries organisation)Relied on for: Identification characters separating the British sharks, skates and rays, and the handling, unhooking and release practice asked of anglers.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Tub gurnard
A hazard carried by this record joined to the topic that explains it in full, so that the warning on the page has somewhere to lead.
- The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association, identification and biology of the fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic characters, habitat and depth range as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Fishing this applies to
- Reef spearfishingReef species include several of the venomous families.
- Sea fishingMost venomous and heavily spined species an angler meets are marine.
- SpearfishingDivers handle spined and venomous fish directly and at close quarters.
What these connections rest on (3)
Authoritative guidance — 3 connections
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Reef spearfishing
Reef species include several of the venomous families.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water-safety guidance underlying this connection. Reef species include several of the venomous families.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Sea fishing
Most venomous and heavily spined species an angler meets are marine.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water-safety guidance underlying this connection. Most venomous and heavily spined species an angler meets are marine.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Spearfishing
Divers handle spined and venomous fish directly and at close quarters.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water-safety guidance underlying this connection. Divers handle spined and venomous fish directly and at close quarters.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Places where it matters
- CyprusSea urchins on the rock ground are the commonest injury here by a wide margin, and weever buried in the sandy shallows are the one that turns a paddle into a hospital visit. Scorpionfish on the rock carry venomous spines and are caught from the shore often enough to matter. None of these is exotic; all of them are met by someone in shorts and sandals who was not thinking about it.
- Fiji and MelanesiaReef flats and seagrass hold stonefish, scorpionfish, cone shells, sea snakes and stingrays, and evacuation to definitive care may take a day.
- GreeceThe eastern Mediterranean fish community has changed within living memory and several arrivals carry venomous spines, so the identification-before-handling rule has more force here than on almost any other coast.
- HawaiiReef and shoreline hold scorpionfish, urchins, cone shells and eels, and lava and coral cuts in warm water infect readily.
- ThailandStonefish, scorpionfish, lionfish, rays and urchins are all present and several are camouflaged well enough to be stood on rather than encountered.
- The Aegean and CreteThe fauna now includes venomous and toxic species that arrived from the Red Sea within recent decades, so an unfamiliar fish here should be treated as unfamiliar rather than handled — a change from a generation ago that the older regional literature does not cover.
- The Coral TriangleThis region holds the richest hazardous reef fauna anywhere, and remoteness means the distance to definitive medical care determines the outcome more than the envenomation does.
- The Egyptian Red Sea coastStonefish and scorpionfish on shallow bottom, lionfish against structure, and a reef flat people wade barefoot.
6 more
- The Great Barrier Reef Fishing regions
- The Maldives Fishing regions
- The Mekong system Fishing regions
- The Ryukyu Islands Fishing regions
- The western Indian Ocean coast Fishing regions
- The Yucatán and Mexican Caribbean coast Fishing regions
What these connections rest on (14)
Authoritative guidance — 14 connections
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
Cyprus
A destination joined to the hazard that is genuinely distinctive of it, rather than to the general hazards of being near water. Written where a visitor's home-coast habits are the specific thing that fails here.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance including sudden immersion, swell on rock platforms and the behaviour that reduces the risk.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
- Rock fishing safety and the declared lifejacket areas of New South Wales — NSW Department of Primary Industries and Surf Life Saving NSW (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Rock fishing safety guidance including swell, wave sets on ledges and the equipment and behaviour that reduce drowning risk.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Fiji and Melanesia
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Greece
A link from the place to the substantial safety topic describing the mechanism that hurts people there, rather than a warning restated in prose on the record itself.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Cold water shock and the immersion response, tidal cut-off, and water-safety guidance for shore anglers and small-craft users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Hawaii
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Thailand
A link from the place to the substantial safety topic describing the mechanism that hurts people there.
- United States Lifesaving Association public education on rip currents and the surf zone — United States Lifesaving Association (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Surf zone hazards, rip current formation and behaviour, and the guidance issued to people entering the water from a beach.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: That marine forecasts and sea state are the operative inputs for small-craft and shore decisions in tropical waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The Aegean and Crete
A claim that a place presents a particular hazard class strongly enough that the reader should be routed to the dedicated safety topic, rather than relying on the place record's own hazard block alone.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Cold water shock and the immersion response, tidal cut-off, and water-safety guidance for shore anglers and small-craft users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Coral Triangle
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The Egyptian Red Sea coast
A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance for coastal users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
The Great Barrier Reef
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Cold water shock and the immersion response, shore angling hazards, small-craft guidance and the circumstances in which water users are most often killed.States this directlyPassage read and verified
- RoSPA water safety information and UK accidental drowning statistics — Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Accidental drowning statistics and the circumstances in which recreational water users are most often killed.Background and mechanism onlyPassage read and verified
The Maldives
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The Mekong system
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The Ryukyu Islands
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The western Indian Ocean coast
A place is joined to the safety topic that explains a hazard genuinely characteristic of it, so the mechanism is reachable rather than restated as a weak warning.
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: Marine forecasting, tropical cyclone warning practice and the products issued for coastal and offshore waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diving and in-water hazards, including hazardous marine life, currents and the management of operations in remote locations.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
The Yucatán and Mexican Caribbean coast
A link from the place to the substantial safety topic describing the mechanism that hurts people there.
- United States Lifesaving Association public education on rip currents and the surf zone — United States Lifesaving Association (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Surf zone hazards, rip current formation and behaviour, and the guidance issued to people entering the water from a beach.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- NOAA National Weather Service marine forecasts and marine weather services — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: That marine forecasts and sea state are the operative inputs for small-craft and shore decisions in tropical waters.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Related reading
- How to handle a fish you have caughtThe third case the record names — a fish you did not expect — is where spines matter most, because a beginner improvises with an unfamiliar animal in their hands. Several common British sea fish carry spines that cause real injury, and the general answer is to identify before gripping.
- Marine-life hazards for divers, in proportionSpines and stings from fish being handled are the commonest injury in the discipline by a wide margin.
- Mini species and species huntingSmall-fish hunting over sand puts people in contact with the lesser weever, and over rock with sea scorpions and gurnards.
- Spearfishing in the Caribbean and Central AmericaLionfish carry venomous spines and the envenomation is severe; several other reef species in the region are spined or venomous too.
What these connections rest on (4)
Authoritative guidance — 3 connections
Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.
How to handle a fish you have caught
A beginner record joined to the harm it is closest to, written where the record's own subject creates the exposure rather than where fishing in general does.
- Understanding the Complexity of Catch-and-Release in Recreational Fishing — Reviews in Fisheries Science 15:75–167, 2007 (Scientific literature)Relied on for: Review of catch-and-release outcomes and the handling, air-exposure and hooking factors bearing on post-release survival.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- A review of catch-and-release angling mortality with implications for no-take reserves — Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15:129–154, 2005 (Scientific literature)Relied on for: Review of catch-and-release angling mortality and the factors associated with it.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Angling Times — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Contemporary UK angling practice as reported by practitioners, including the faults beginners actually meet and what is done about them.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
- Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: British sea angling practice including shore access, pier and harbour fishing and session conduct.FishingHQ's interpretation of what it saysCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Marine-life hazards for divers, in proportion
The hazard that actually happens, linked to the record with the first aid in it.
- DAN guidance on freediving safety, hypoxia and shallow-water blackout — Divers Alert Network (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Diving medicine guidance on breath-hold physiology, hypoxic blackout, cold exposure and supervision.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Mini species and species hunting
A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.
- RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance for coastal users.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Scientific evidence — 1 connection
Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.
Spearfishing in the Caribbean and Central America
The handling hazard attached to the fish the region asks divers to target.
- NOAA research and management guidance on the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish — NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (Scientific institute)Relied on for: The invasive lionfish situation in the western Atlantic and Caribbean and diver removal as a local management measure.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
Sources for this page
- FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Records of which families carry venom apparatus and where the spines are located.States this directlyPassage read and verified
How FishingHQ labels evidence is explained in the evidence policy.