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The Eastern Cape and the Wild Coast

Fishing regions · Last reviewed 2026-08-27

The rock-and-surf heartland: the coast the blacktail statistic is about, where the Agulhas starts to bite, and where a hundred kilometres of Wild Coast has almost nobody on it.

Safety: cliffs and rock platforms — can cause serious injury or death. 5 more points apply here.

What each one does, and what reduces it ↓

Fishing here at a glance

What you can catch
Ways to fish
From the shore · From a boat · Spearfishing
Where to fish
How people fish
Plan a trip
When is best · Baits and lures to bring · Open the trip planner
Rules and access
Who sets the rules here — being listed is never permission to fish.

Not documented here yet: tackle shops, charters or guides.

Being listed here is not permission to fish. What that means

Access, fishing rights, seasons, licences, local bylaws and permitted methods vary and can change. Check current access, permission, local regulations, closures and restrictions before you travel or fish. FishingHQ describes what the ground is and names who holds the answer; it does not hold the answer itself.

Find the authority for a jurisdiction · What FishingHQ does and does not cover

If South African shore angling has a home coast, this is it.

THE COUNTRY'S OWN SCIENCE POINTS HERE. The research institute describes the blacktail as the third most important shore angling species along the entire south-eastern seaboard, and names the Eastern and Southern Cape specifically when explaining where bronze bream matter most. This is the coast those statements are about.

THE GROUND IS GULLY AND POINT AND BEACH. Rocky headlands with deep gullies running into them, wave-washed platforms, and long surf beaches between — the classic South African rock-and-surf template, at its most developed. Blacktail, bronze bream, zebra, musselcracker, kob, shad and garrick are the fish, and the ground changes every few hundred metres.

CHOKKA IS THE ECONOMIC ENGINE AND THE BAIT. The Eastern Cape squid fishery out of Port Elizabeth and St Francis is a major commercial industry, and the abundance of squid from about October to March makes chokka the deadly all-round bait of the coast for that half of the year.

THE WILD COAST IS THE UNDER-FISHED PART AND IT IS ENORMOUS. From the Kei River north to the KwaZulu-Natal border is a couple of hundred kilometres of rock, river mouth and beach with very little road access, small scattered settlements and long distances to anything. Mazeppa Bay and the accessible mouths carry a real fishery for kob, shad and sharks in summer; most of the rest is barely fished, and the limit is access rather than fish.

AND THE AGULHAS ARRIVES HERE. Warm-water species reach down to Algoa Bay and thin going west, which is why this coast has both the southern sparids and the beginning of the east-coast game fishery.

What fishing here is like

The rock-and-surf heartland of South Africa, and the most developed shore fishery in the country. Rocky headlands with deep gullies, wave-washed platforms and long surf beaches between them, changing character every few hundred metres. The species list is the fullest on the coast: blacktail, bronze bream, zebra, both musselcrackers, kob, shad, garrick, galjoen at the western end and the beginning of the warm-water species at the eastern.

Algoa Bay and East London are the developed centres with harbours and ski-boat fleets. North of the Kei the Wild Coast is a couple of hundred kilometres of barely-accessible rock and river mouth with a fishery that is real and largely unrecorded.

What you can target here

One entry per fish, grouped by how you would be fishing — because the answer is a different one from the rocks and from a boat. Each entry says how strongly the sources support it and how much evidence sits behind it. These are documented catches, not a forecast, and none of it is a statement that you may fish any particular ground.

From the shore · 14

Also documented from the shore: Silver kob · Spotted grunter · Bluefish · Bronze whaler · European squid · Leerfish · Raggedtooth shark · Tope

From a boat · 4

Spearfishing · 4

What these strengths mean
Characteristic of this water
This water is strongly identified with this species by the sources that cover it.
Regular local target
Fishing sources describe this as a normal local target here, not merely as caught.
Seasonal
Well supported, and concentrated in part of the year rather than spread through it.
Recorded here
At least one credible public account of this species being caught here. That is all it means.
How breadth is counted
A fish documented at six marks is shown as six marks: breadth never raises the strength on its own. A fishery account describes the fishing; a recorded catch reports one specific catch. How evidence is weighed.

Also caught across this area

Fish documented across this area but not at any of the named places above — from area-wide fishing sources and dated catch accounts that do not name a single spot.

Caught in this area

Documented being caught in this area, without being described as something people set out for.

  • Carpenter — from a boat · Port Alfred commercial skiboat fishery (1996); Commercial skiboat catch, not recreational
  • Galjoen — from the shore · Border region shore competitions, Great Fish River to Kei River (ten sites)
  • Panga — from a boat · Port Alfred commercial skiboat fishery (1996); Commercial skiboat catch, not recreational
  • Seventy-four — from a boat · September to September
  • Spotted gully shark — from the shore · Border region shore competitions, Great Fish River to Kei River (ten sites)
  • White steenbras — from the shore · Border region shore competitions, Great Fish River to Kei River (ten sites)
Where this comes from

None of this says you may fish anywhere or take anything: licences, protected species, minimum sizes and closed areas are set by the local authority. How evidence is weighed.

How people fish here

9 methods are recorded on the places documented here, counted from those places themselves rather than from what is practised in the country. Each opens a full guide to the technique.

  • Ledgering

    Recorded at 3 places here, over bay, estuary, rock mark.

    Fishing a bait on the bottom held by a weight, with no float — the simplest way to fish at distance, in depth, or in wind.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Bronze bream, Black musselcracker, Dusky kob, Riverbream, Roman.

  • Light rock fishing

    Recorded at 2 places here, over bay, rock mark.

    Ultralight lure fishing from the shore with tackle rated in single grams — a discipline that catches the fish everybody else steps over, and one FishingHQ held every component of and had never named.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Bronze bream, Black musselcracker, Roman, Silver kob, White musselcracker.

  • Spinning

    Recorded at 2 places here, over estuary, rock mark.

    Casting an artificial lure and retrieving it so that it moves like something alive — the most direct form of lure fishing.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Black musselcracker, Bronze bream, Dusky kob, Riverbream, Spotted grunter.

  • Boat diving

    Recorded at 1 place here, over bay.

    Spearfishing from a vessel, which removes the swim and adds the two things most likely to kill a diver: propellers and drift.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Bronze bream, Roman, Silver kob, White musselcracker, European squid.

  • Drift fishing

    Recorded at 1 place here, over bay.

    Letting the boat move with tide and wind while fishing, so the tackle searches ground instead of waiting on it — and the decision that determines whether a boat session works at all.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Bronze bream, Roman, Silver kob, White musselcracker, European squid.

  • Eging

    Recorded at 1 place here, over bay.

    Jigging for squid and cuttlefish with a barbed, weighted lure worked in lifts and pauses — a Japanese discipline with its own tackle, vocabulary and competitive scene.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Bronze bream, Roman, Silver kob, White musselcracker, European squid.

  • Float fishing

    Recorded at 1 place here, over estuary.

    Suspending a bait at a controlled depth beneath a buoyant indicator — the most visual, most controllable and most widely applicable method in angling.

    Documented on the same ground: Dusky kob, Riverbream, Spotted grunter, Leerfish.

  • Livebaiting at sea

    Recorded at 1 place here, over rock mark.

    Presenting a living fish where a predator will find it — the most effective method for many species and the one with the clearest welfare questions attached.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Black musselcracker, Bronze bream, Bluefish, Bronze whaler, Dusky kob.

  • Surfcasting

    Recorded at 1 place here, over bay.

    Casting heavy baited tackle from a beach into surf — a method defined by distance, by tide, and by reading water that all looks the same.

    Documented on the same ground: Blacktail, Bronze bream, Roman, Silver kob, White musselcracker, European squid.

These are the methods documented at the places FishingHQ holds here. A species listed beside a method is documented on the same ground, which is not the same as being taken that way — where a source establishes the method a fish was caught on, it is stated on that place’s own page. All fishing methods.

Baits and lures for these fish

The methods, baits and lures each of the fish above is commonly taken on, from that fish’s own page. This is what works for the fish, not a report of what people use on this particular water — local knowledge and the conditions on the day still decide.

Methods

Baits

Lures

The fishing year here

The months the places and accounts under this area actually name, tightest season first. This is “observed in these months” rather than a season: a species whose months nobody recorded is not listed, because a gap in the evidence is not a year-round fishery.

What dominates

Rock and surf angling above all, in both of its halves: heavy tackle out of gullies and off points for musselcracker, kob and shark, and light tackle for the browsing sparids on the same ground. Surf fishing off the long beaches for kob, shad and steenbras. Ski-boat fishing out of Port Elizabeth, Port Alfred and East London over inshore reef and offshore for pelagics. Estuary fishing on the Kowie, the Kariega, the Great Fish and the Kei. Spearfishing with a strong local scene. Shore-based shark angling, particularly on the Wild Coast in summer.

The water available

Rocky headlands with deep gullies and wave-washed platforms alternating with long surf beaches. Algoa Bay, a large open bay with sandy shore and rocky arms. Extensive inshore reef. A string of estuaries — the Kowie at Port Alfred, the Kariega, the Great Fish, the Keiskamma, the Kei — several of them permanently open. North of the Kei, the Wild Coast: rock, river mouth and beach with almost no road access, small settlements and long distances between them. Offshore, the eastern Agulhas Bank and the warm current running down the shelf edge.

How the rules are structured

National rules apply and this is EAST of Cape Agulhas, so the eastern kob rules apply: 60 cm and one fish from the shore or in an estuary, with different figures again from a boat between Agulhas and the Umtamvuna. Marine protected areas along the coast include Addo Elephant National Park's marine section, the Amathole MPA and the Dwesa-Cwebe MPA on the Wild Coast, administered variously by SANParks and provincial bodies. Much of the Wild Coast falls under communal land tenure, and physical access frequently depends on local arrangement rather than on a public right. FishingHQ does not state what any current rule is: the department's own guidance says adjustments may be forthcoming, and the answer differs by species, by area and by whether you were standing on the shore or sitting in a boat.

Who to ask

  • The Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, which issues the recreational fishing permit and sets the species, size, bag and closed-season measures
  • The authority managing the marine protected area — SANParks, CapeNature, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife or the relevant provincial body — for whether a particular stretch of coast is open and on what terms
  • The harbour authority, municipality or landowner, for physical access to structures, beaches and rock
  • The South African Post Office, which is where the recreational permit is actually bought

Words you will meet

Gully
A channel cut into a rock platform where swell surges in and out. The single most important piece of ground in South African rock fishing: the fish hold in it, the food is washed into it, and it is where people are swept off.
Chokka
Squid — the Cape hope squid supporting a major Eastern Cape commercial fishery, and the standard all-round bait of the coast, abundant from about October to March.
Wild Coast
The former Transkei coast from the Kei River north to the KwaZulu-Natal border. Rock, river mouth and beach with very little road access, and one of the least-fished coastlines of its length anywhere.
Rock worm
A polychaete collected from rock at low water and used as bait, particularly effective for blacktail, bream and zebra. One of the several South African baits that has to be gathered rather than bought.

Conditions and hazards

Being swept from rock is the leading cause of death in South African shore angling and this is the coast it happens on most, because this is where the gullies are and the gullies are where the fish are. The productive stance is almost always the low one, ground swell arrives independently of the local weather, and the fish that draw people to the worst ground — musselcracker, kob, red steenbras — are the ones worth the risk to the person taking it.

On the Wild Coast the ordinary hazard is compounded by distance. Long stretches have no road, no coverage and no help within hours, and a routine injury becomes serious a long way from a hospital.

Sharks are present and are a consideration for spearfishers and for people wading in coloured water at river mouths, which is where the shark fishing is done from the beach for the same reason.

Water is warm-temperate to subtropical and the sun is severe: heat exhaustion and dehydration on an open beach through a summer day are real and are under-rated.

Places within this area

Publicly documented fishing geography. FishingHQ describes what the ground is; it does not say whether you may fish it, and every one of these sends that question to the body that holds the answer. Browse every place in this part of the world.

Who to ask before fishing any of these

FishingHQ does not know the current access position here. South Africa licenses recreational sea angling nationally — a permit is required from the age of twelve — and layers over it a minimum size and daily bag limit set SPECIES BY SPECIES, a cumulative daily cap across all species, closed seasons on some fish, a prohibited list of species that may not be caught at all, and separate rules again for spearfishing, which is prohibited outright in estuaries. Much of the accessible coast additionally sits inside a marine protected area zoned into no-take and controlled areas, administered by a park, provincial or conservation authority rather than by the fisheries department. All of it changes, and the department's own guidance says adjustments may be forthcoming. Check the current position with the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment and with the authority that manages the protected area before going.

FishingHQ does not know the current access position here. South Africa licenses recreational sea angling nationally — a permit is required from the age of twelve — and layers over it a minimum size and daily bag limit set SPECIES BY SPECIES, a cumulative daily cap across all species, closed seasons on some fish, a prohibited list of species that may not be caught at all, and separate rules again for spearfishing, which is prohibited outright in estuaries. Much of the accessible coast additionally sits inside a marine protected area zoned into no-take and controlled areas, administered by a park, provincial or conservation authority rather than by the fisheries department. All of it changes, and the department's own guidance says adjustments may be forthcoming. Check the current position with the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment and with the authority that manages the protected area before going. This water is tidal and transitional, so the freshwater regime may also apply above the tidal limit: FishingHQ does not know the current access position here. Inland fishing in South Africa is administered provincially rather than nationally, and the arrangements differ substantially between provinces; many waters are additionally on private land or inside a reserve, where the permission of the landowner or the reserve authority is what actually governs access. Several endemic freshwater species are threatened and carry their own protection. Check with the relevant provincial conservation authority and with the landowner or reserve before going.

  • Algoa Bay

    Bay · Salt water

    A large open bay on the Eastern Cape coast with a working port at its western end, a long sandy northern shore running towards the Sundays River mouth, and rocky headlands and reef at Cape Recife to the south. The bay holds the country's principal chokka squid grounds and is the base of the Eastern Cape ski-boat fleet.

    Open to the east and south-east across a wide bay. Cape Recife at the southern end takes the south-westerly swell, which is what shelters the port and the western shore.

    Severe hazards of The Eastern Cape and the Wild Coast apply here: cliffs and rock platforms.

    Particular to this water: Algoa Bay includes the Addo Elephant National Park marine section, administered by SANParks, with island and offshore zonation that restricts activity in parts of the bay. The port is a working commercial facility with restricted areas. The applicable kob rules are the EASTERN ones.

  • Port Alfred and the Kowie

    Estuary · Brackish water

    A permanently open river mouth on the Eastern Cape coast, trained between two stone piers, with a deep channel running well upriver and rocky coast either side of the entrance. The estuary is narrow and deep rather than wide and shallow, which makes it a channel fishery rather than a flats one.

    The estuary itself is sheltered along its length. The piers at the mouth are exposed to the south-easterly swell and the entrance can be dangerous in a running sea.

    Severe hazards of The Eastern Cape and the Wild Coast apply here: cliffs and rock platforms.

    Particular to this water: Spearfishing is prohibited outright in estuaries under the national regulations. The applicable kob rules here are the EASTERN shore-and-estuary ones — 60 cm and one fish. The mouth is a working entrance with boat traffic.

  • Mazeppa Bay

    Rock mark · Salt water

    A small bay on the Wild Coast with a rock island joined to the shore by a suspension footbridge, deep gullies running into the rock either side, and sand beaches and a river mouth adjacent. The ground is hard sandstone cut into points and channels, with deep water close in off the island.

    Fully open to the Indian Ocean south-east. The island takes the worst of it and the gullies behind are fishable in conditions the outside is not, but this is an exposed high-energy coast throughout.

    Severe hazards of The Eastern Cape and the Wild Coast apply here: cliffs and rock platforms.

    Particular to this water: Much of the Wild Coast falls under communal land tenure and physical access frequently depends on local arrangement rather than on a public right. The Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area lies along this coast with its own zonation. Distances to help are long and communications are patchy.

  • The Dwesa-Cwebe coast

    Cliff coast · Salt water

    About sixteen kilometres of mainly rocky Wild Coast either side of the Mbashe River mouth, running six nautical miles out to sea, with the estuary itself cut centrally through it. The coast sits in the transition between the warm-temperate Agulhas bioregion and the subtropical Natal one, and its species list carries both the southern sparids and the beginnings of the east-coast fauna. The surf and the estuary behind it are two separate fisheries: research sampling took spotted grunter and river bream in the estuary and neither anywhere in the surf.

    Fully open to the Indian Ocean south-east, on a high-energy stretch with very little shelter. The reserve's own research fishing ran in daylight hours on four-day trips scheduled in advance, which is what fishing this coast to a timetable actually requires.

    Severe hazards of The Eastern Cape and the Wild Coast apply here: cliffs and rock platforms.

    Particular to this water: THE ENTIRE MARINE PROTECTED AREA IS A NO-TAKE AREA and has been since 1991. No consumptive use of any marine resource is permitted along its length, and the only angling recorded here was research fishing under permit, on barbless hooks, every fish released. Enforcement has long been a problem and parts of the reserve are still fished illegally; the published assessment found this measurably reduces the size and abundance of the slow-growing species, and recommended the no-take status be kept. What follows describes the ground and does not suggest it may be fished.

Safety

Cliffs and rock platforms — Can cause serious injury or death

The fish that South African rock-and-surf angling is built around — galjoen, both musselcrackers, red steenbras — live where the water is most disturbed, which means the productive stances are low wave-washed ledges and gullies on a high-energy ocean coast. Being swept from rock is the leading cause of death in South African shore angling, and it happens to people who are fishing rather than to people who are careless.

What reduces it: Watch a mark through several full wave sets before committing to a position, and identify the exit before you fish rather than when you need it. Never fish a low ledge on a building swell or a making tide. Fish with a companion. Footwear that grips wet rock, and a flotation aid on exposed marks.

Worse when:

  • Long-period south-westerly ground swell, where the dangerous set arrives minutes apart out of a sea that looked manageable
  • Kelp and algal growth on the ledge, which is as slippery as anything on a fishing mark anywhere
  • Working a heavy fish out of a gully, which is exactly when nobody is watching the water

Fishing alone — Can cause injury needing treatment

Long stretches of the Wild Coast have no road access, no mobile coverage and no help within several hours. An ordinary injury — a fall on rock, a bad spining, a hook in a hand — becomes a serious problem when the nearest road is a two-hour walk and the nearest hospital is much further.

What reduces it: Do not fish remote stretches alone. Tell somebody specific where you are going and when you will be back. Carry a means of calling for help that does not depend on mobile coverage. Carry a proper first-aid kit and know how to use it. Plan the walk out before you take the walk in.

Worse when:

  • Fishing a mark reached by a long walk from a vehicle
  • Late in the day, so an injury means darkness as well as distance
  • In summer heat, where an immobilised person dehydrates quickly

Precautions that always apply here

  • Tell somebody where you are going and when you expect to be back.
  • Carry a charged phone in a waterproof case, or another means of calling for help.
  • Check the tide before you go and know your exit route. Being cut off is the commonest way a shore session becomes a rescue.
  • Wear a buoyancy aid or lifejacket. Cold water incapacitates strong swimmers within a minute, long before swimming ability matters.

Check the rules before you fish

Fishing laws, bylaws, access rules, seasons, bait restrictions and permitted methods vary by location and can change. Check the current rules from the relevant authority and the water you intend to fish before fishing.

Check with:

  • Current national or regional law for where you are fishing
  • Current local bylaws
  • The relevant fisheries authority
  • The landowner, club or fishery whose water it is
  • Any restrictions specific to the species or the method you intend to use

Where to go next

What swims here

  • BaardmanA demersal sciaenid that comes into the surf zone over sand and against low reef here, which is why it turns up on the same beaches and the same baits as kob and steenbras.
  • Black musselcrackerJuveniles are highly resident in the rocky surf zone here; some adults undertake a one-way movement up this coast to Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal waters, presumably to spawn. That mix is why the institute calls no-take reserves with reef habitat extremely important for it.
  • BlacktailPredominantly in the surf zone in close association with rock, and highly resident. The institute ranks it the THIRD MOST IMPORTANT SHORE ANGLING SPECIES along the entire south-eastern seaboard, which is what this coast is.
  • Bronze breamShallow surf-zone reef down to about twenty-five metres, with juveniles in subtidal gullies. The institute names the Eastern and Southern Cape as the coasts where this species matters most in the shore and spear fisheries, and it is highly resident on both.
2 more

Sources and evidence

  • Marine Recreational Fishing Regulations in South Africa — South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), summarising the Marine Living Resources Act and its regulations, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: The structure of South African recreational sea fishing regulation: the per-species size and bag limits, the closed seasons, the cumulative daily cap, the ten-hook limit, the estuary spearfishing prohibition and the prohibited species list.States this directlyPassage read and verified
  • Marine Recreational Fishing: Regulations for Linefishing, under the Marine Living Resources Act — Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, South Africa (published as issued under Act 18 of 1998), 2000 (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: The permit requirement and its age threshold, the no-sale rule, the measurement convention, and the closed seasons named in the regulations themselves.States this directlyPassage read and verified
  • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: The distribution, habitat, movement and measured stock status of the linefish that characterise this coast, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
Why the 6 connections on this page are here, and the sources

What swims here

Backed by research — 6 connections

Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.

  • Baardman

    A claim that a coast or region contains the ground and conditions this species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the reference literature and on the institute that surveyed it, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.

    • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat, movement and residency for South African linefish, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

  • Black musselcracker

    A claim that a coast or region contains the ground and conditions this species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the reference literature and on the institute that surveyed it, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.

    • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat, movement and residency for South African linefish, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

  • Blacktail

    A claim that a coast or region contains the ground and conditions this species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the reference literature and on the institute that surveyed it, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.

    • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat, movement and residency for South African linefish, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

  • Bronze bream

    A claim that a coast or region contains the ground and conditions this species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the reference literature and on the institute that surveyed it, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.

    • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat, movement and residency for South African linefish, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

  • Red steenbras

    A claim that a coast or region contains the ground and conditions this species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the reference literature and on the institute that surveyed it, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.

    • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat, movement and residency for South African linefish, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

  • Zebra (South African)

    A claim that a coast or region contains the ground and conditions this species is associated with. It is a distributional statement about the world, it rests on the reference literature and on the institute that surveyed it, and it deliberately asserts nothing about access, permission or catch.

    • ORI Fish Fact Sheets: the species accounts of the Oceanographic Research Institute — Oceanographic Research Institute, South African Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR), Durban, 2023 (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat, movement and residency for South African linefish, from the institute that did the tagging and the ageing.States this directlyPassage read and verified
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded distribution, depth range and habitat association for the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

How FishingHQ labels evidence is explained in the evidence policy.

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