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Mediterranean moray

Fish · Last reviewed 2026-08-17

The eel in the hole. An entire family absent from a catalogue with 116 spearfishing records — and the animal behind the classic hole-hunting injury, which is a bite that will not let go.

Safety

Species that bite — Can cause serious injury or death

A moray occupying a crevice bites a hand pushed into it. The teeth curve backwards, so pulling away tears rather than releases, and the animal frequently does not let go. The wound is deep, ragged and heavily contaminated, and tendon and nerve damage to a hand is a realistic outcome. Almost every recorded injury involves a hand in a hole, a habituated fed animal, or a speared fish in a crevice.

What reduces it: Do not put a hand anywhere you cannot see into. Use a torch and look first, and remember that a visible head means an animal filling the rest of the hole. Never feed them and do not dive sites where they are fed. Abandon a speared fish that has locked into an occupied crevice. If bitten, do not pull — stay still, let the animal release, end the dive and get the wound properly cleaned and assessed.

Worse when:

  • Hole hunting, which searches exactly the crevices morays occupy
  • Night diving, when morays are out and hunting rather than resting
  • A speared and bleeding fish nearby, which is a powerful attractant to an animal hunting by smell

Injury while handling fish — Can cause serious injury or death

A landed or boated moray thrashes violently, is effectively impossible to hold because of the mucus and the musculature, and can bite for a considerable time. The blood serum of eels contains an ichthyotoxin that irritates open wounds and mucous membranes.

What reduces it: Control the head with a tool and never with a hand. Dispatch immediately if the fish is being kept. Do not handle a bleeding eel bare-handed, and wash any contact from an open cut.

Worse when:

  • On a small boat deck
  • In the dark
  • With an existing cut on the hand

FishingHQ carried a deep hole-hunting method, a marine-life-hazards record for divers, and no moray. Muraenidae was absent from the catalogue entirely.

WHAT IT IS. A thick-bodied, scaleless eel, dark brown to almost black with pale yellow marbling, reaching a metre and a half, living in crevices, holes and boulder gaps on rocky reef throughout the Mediterranean and the eastern Atlantic. The dorsal fin runs the length of the back as a low fleshy ridge and there are no pectoral or pelvic fins at all.

THE MOUTH IS ALWAYS OPEN AND THAT IS NOT A THREAT. A moray gapes continuously because that is how it pumps water over its gills — it has no operculum working the way a bony fish's does. The open mouth full of teeth that everybody photographs is the animal breathing.

IT HAS A SECOND SET OF JAWS. Morays carry pharyngeal jaws that are launched forward from the throat to seize prey and drag it back — a mechanism otherwise more familiar from science fiction than from European seas, and it exists because a fish in a hole cannot use suction feeding the way an open-water predator can.

AND IT IS THE HOLE-HUNTING INJURY. A hand pushed into a crevice, a fish grabbed in poor light, a moray defending its hole: the bite is deep, ragged, contaminated, and the animal frequently does not release. That is not aggression in any meaningful sense — it is a bite from a defensive animal that cannot back up — and it is the single most predictable serious injury in Mediterranean spearfishing.

Identification

FishingHQ holds no photograph of this species whose identity and licensing it can vouch for, so it is not showing one. Misidentified fish photographs teach identification wrongly, and a picture with an unchecked caption would be worse than none. The identification points below are what to look at instead.

Scientific name
Muraena helena
Family
Muraenidae
Water
Saltwater
Conservation status
Least Concern
Regions
Mediterranean, North Africa, West Africa, East & Southern Africa
  • NO PECTORAL OR PELVIC FINS AT ALL, and a long low dorsal fin running as a fleshy ridge from behind the head to the tail. A conger has pectoral fins and a moray does not, which settles the two instantly.
  • DARK BROWN TO BLACKISH WITH PALE YELLOW MARBLING and blotching over the whole body, variable between individuals.
  • THICK, MUSCULAR, SCALELESS AND HEAVILY MUCOUS, with skin that is slippery rather than slimy in the way a conger is.
  • THE MOUTH GAPES CONTINUOUSLY, showing long backward-curving teeth. This is respiration and not display.
  • IN A HOLE, WITH THE HEAD OUT. A large eel head projecting from a crevice on Mediterranean reef is this animal far more often than anything else.
  • THE CONGER is the confusion: greyer, with obvious pectoral fins, a longer snout and a more northern distribution, and it reaches a far greater size.

Size

Typical
70–110 cm.
Large
Over 120 cm is a large Mediterranean moray.

Exceptional: Around 150 cm is the widely reported maximum for the species.

Lifecycle and reproduction

Poorly known, which is worth saying plainly. Mediterranean morays spawn in the warmer months and have a very long pelagic larval stage — the leptocephalus, a transparent leaf-shaped larva shared with the other eels — which drifts for many months before metamorphosing and settling to reef. Growth is slow and individuals are long-lived and strongly site-attached, holding the same crevice for extended periods. Ageing them is difficult and much of the life history remains uncertain, which is a limitation on any assessment of them.

Spawning occurs in summer in open water, with eggs and leptocephalus larvae in the plankton for a prolonged period. There is no nest and no care. The practical consequence is the same as for most reef species with a long larval phase: recruitment to a piece of reef comes from elsewhere and is not a function of how many adults are on it, while the adults themselves are effectively immobile and therefore locally depletable.

Feeding and senses

A nocturnal ambush and pursuit predator on fish, octopus, cuttlefish and crustaceans, hunting largely by smell in darkness and pushing into crevices after prey. Because a fish inside a hole cannot generate the suction an open-water predator uses, morays seize prey with the oral jaws and then launch a second set of pharyngeal jaws forward from the throat to grip it and drag it back — a mechanism unique among fishes as far as is known. Octopus is a favoured prey, and octopus behaviour around reef is shaped by it.

Smell above all. Moray eyes are small and vision is poor; the paired tubular nostrils at the front of the head are the hunting sense, and morays locate prey in complete darkness by scent. That has two practical consequences: a moray does not see a hand clearly before biting it, and a speared fish bleeding in a hole is an extremely strong attractant.

Through the year

Resident year-round on the same ground, more active in warm water and largely nocturnal throughout. Divers meet them by day as a head in a hole and by night as an animal out and hunting, which is a different and considerably more alarming encounter for anybody not expecting it.

Distribution

Throughout the Mediterranean and in the eastern Atlantic from Iberia and Macaronesia south along the African coast, on rocky reef, boulder ground and any structure offering crevices, from shallow water to around a hundred metres. Common across its range and strongly associated with hard ground.

This is a biological range — where the species occurs, not a prediction that you will catch one. To browse the fishing geography FishingHQ holds, start at fishing places.

Why anglers care

Taken deliberately by shore and boat anglers over rough ground across the Mediterranean, where it is eaten and has been since antiquity — the Romans kept them in ponds. For spearfishers it is rarely quarry and constantly present: morays occupy exactly the holes hole hunting searches, they are attracted to a speared fish, and they are the most likely serious injury on a Mediterranean reef. Its place in this catalogue is therefore as the hazard the hole-hunting records described without being able to show.

Handling and returning

The bite is the whole of it. A moray bite is deep, ragged and heavily contaminated, the backward-curving teeth make withdrawal worse than the bite, and the animal frequently does not let go. Do not put a hand into a hole you cannot see into, which is the entire mitigation and the one people skip. If a moray takes hold, do not pull against the teeth: the standard practice is to stay still, allow the animal to release, and get out of the water for medical attention — moray wounds infect readily and frequently need proper cleaning and antibiotics. A landed moray is dangerous for a long time and thrashes violently; control the head with a tool, never a hand, and dispatch it immediately if it is being kept. The blood serum of morays and other eels contains an ichthyotoxin that irritates mucous membranes and wounds, which is one more reason not to handle a bleeding one bare-handed.

WHAT MAY BE TAKEN, BY WHAT MEANS, IS NOT ON THIS PAGE. Spearfishing law, protected areas, size limits and gear restrictions differ sharply between neighbouring countries and are revised. Check the current position with the authority for the water concerned before entering it.

Hole hunting, and the injury this record exists to describe

FishingHQ carries a hole-hunting method record. This is the animal in the hole.

WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS. A diver working a reef pushes a hand, a gun tip or a torch into a crevice to find or retrieve a fish. A moray occupying that crevice cannot retreat — the hole has one entrance and the animal is at the back of it — and bites. The teeth curve backwards, so a hand pulled out against them tears rather than releases, and morays frequently hold on.

THE WOUND IS WORSE THAN THE MECHANICS SUGGEST. Deep, ragged, and contaminated with everything in a marine animal's mouth. Moray bites infect readily and often need proper cleaning, exploration and antibiotics rather than a plaster, and tendon and nerve damage to a hand is a real outcome.

IT IS NOT AGGRESSION AND SAYING SO IS USEFUL. A moray in its hole is a defensive animal with nowhere to go. Unprovoked attacks on swimmers essentially do not happen; almost every recorded injury involves a hand in a hole, a fed animal, or a speared fish.

WHAT ACTUALLY PREVENTS IT.

DO NOT PUT A HAND WHERE YOU CANNOT SEE. That is the mitigation. Everything else is management of the consequences.

USE A TORCH AND LOOK FIRST, and understand that a moray's head may be the only part visible and the rest of the animal fills the hole.

DO NOT FEED THEM, and do not dive where they have been fed. Habituated morays approach divers expecting food and are the source of a disproportionate share of injuries.

A SPEARED FISH IN A HOLE IS AN ATTRACTANT, and reaching in after it is the specific sequence that produces bites. If a fish has locked into a crevice with a moray in it, the fish is lost.

IF BITTEN, DO NOT PULL. Stay still and let the animal release. Then end the dive and get the wound seen — this is not something to finish the session with.

AND THE SPEARFISHING SAFETY POSTURE APPLIES UNCHANGED. Recognised training, a competent buddy watching every dive, one up and one down, never alone, conservative judgement, and stopping is always a valid answer. A diver with a bleeding hand at depth is a diver who should be out of the water.

Authoritative guidance

Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.

  • UK Diving Medical Committee guidance on medical standards for divers — UK Diving Medical Committee (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Medical guidance relevant to divers, including the management of marine envenomation and the assessment of fitness to dive.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: Breath-hold diving and spearfishing practice, training structure and safety expectations as set out by the international underwater federation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice: approach, quarry behaviour, shot placement and the handling of speared fish, from a practitioner tradition distinct from the European one.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic identification characters, family placement, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Two sets of jaws, no pectoral fins, and a mouth that is only breathing

Three things about the anatomy explain almost everything a diver sees.

THE GAPE IS RESPIRATION. A moray has small round gill openings and no large operculum sweeping water across the gills the way a bass does. It pumps water by opening and closing the mouth continuously. The photograph everybody has seen — an eel apparently snarling from a hole — is an animal breathing, and reading it as a threat display gets both the biology and the risk assessment wrong.

THE PHARYNGEAL JAWS ARE REAL. Behind the oral jaws, morays carry a second set of toothed jaws in the throat which are launched forward into the mouth to grip prey and drag it backwards down the gullet. This was described relatively recently and it is, as far as is known, unique among fishes. It exists because suction feeding does not work in a confined space: an open-water predator engulfs prey by expanding its mouth and pulling water in, and a fish wedged in a crevice cannot. The moray solved the problem with a mechanical grab instead.

NO PAIRED FINS, AND THAT IS THE IDENTIFICATION. Morays have no pectoral and no pelvic fins; the conger, which is the animal they are confused with, has obvious pectorals. If it has pectoral fins it is a conger, and if it does not it is a moray. The dorsal fin runs as a low fleshy ridge along the back rather than as a raised fin.

AND THE SKIN IS SCALELESS AND THICKLY MUCOUS, which is why a moray can force itself into a crevice a fish of its girth should not fit into, and why one is almost impossible to hold.

A NOTE ON EATING THEM. Moray is eaten across the Mediterranean and has been for two thousand years. The blood serum of morays and other eels contains an ichthyotoxin which is destroyed by cooking but which irritates wounds and mucous membranes in the raw fish, so a bleeding eel is handled with that in mind. Whether one may be taken where you are is, as always, a question for the authority there and not for this page.

WHAT MAY BE TAKEN, BY WHAT MEANS, IS NOT ON THIS PAGE. Spearfishing law, protected areas, size limits and gear restrictions differ sharply between neighbouring countries and are revised. Check the current position with the authority for the water concerned before entering it.

Scientific evidence

Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.

  • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic identification characters, family placement, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • UK Diving Medical Committee guidance on medical standards for divers — UK Diving Medical Committee (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Medical guidance relevant to divers, including the management of marine envenomation and the assessment of fitness to dive.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated descriptions of species behaviour and regional practice, recorded as consensus rather than as scholarship.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Where to go next

How it is caught

What these connections rest on (1)

Practitioner consensus — 1 connection

Widely and independently recommended by experienced anglers and specialist sources. This is real angling knowledge, not proof: controlled evidence for it is limited, and FishingHQ records it as convention rather than as a demonstrated effect.

  • Ledgering

    Practice, recorded as practice.

    • Sea Angler — Bauer Media (Specialist angling publication)Relied on for: Contemporary UK sea angling and shore gathering practice as reported by practitioners: ground, seasonal timing, tackle, bait and method convention.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • General angling website restatements of established technique — Various (Credible secondary source)Relied on for: Widely restated descriptions of technique, quarry behaviour and regional practice, recorded as consensus rather than as scholarship.Background and mechanism onlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Where it lives

What these connections rest on (2)

Scientific evidence — 2 connections

Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.

  • Inshore ground

    A distributional claim resting on the regional identification and fisheries literature rather than on angling report.

    • Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine science: distribution, habitat association, shellfish and crustacean monitoring, and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

  • Rocky shores and reefs

    A distributional claim resting on the regional identification and fisheries literature rather than on angling report.

    • Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine science: distribution, habitat association, shellfish and crustacean monitoring, and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Where you will find it

What these connections rest on (2)

Scientific evidence — 2 connections

Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.

  • Cape Verde

    A distribution edge resting on published regional identification and distribution references, written where the species is genuinely characteristic of the destination's fishing rather than merely recorded from its waters.

    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Distribution, habitat association and biology of the fishes of the eastern central Atlantic and the Mediterranean, from the regional identification guides prepared for fishery purposes.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FishBase: a global information system on fishes — Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. — FishBase Consortium (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Recorded environment, depth range, distribution and biology of the species named.States this directlyPassage read and verified

  • Malta and Gozo

    A distributional claim about where a species occurs, resting on the regional identification literature rather than on angling report. It says nothing about where a reader should fish.

    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Species composition, habitat association and distribution for the region concerned, as set out in the FAO species identification sheets.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: Global assessment and distribution for the species concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Understanding this fish

What these connections rest on (3)

Scientific evidence — 2 connections

Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.

  • Cephalopods as prey

    A diet claim recorded at group level, pointed at a modelled prey CATEGORY, because the reference works describe the diet as a group rather than by species. Naming a particular species the catalogue happens to hold would invent a precision the evidence never had.

    • Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine science: distribution, habitat association, shellfish and crustacean monitoring, and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

  • Decapod crustaceans as prey

    A diet claim recorded at group level, pointed at a modelled prey CATEGORY, because the reference works describe the diet as a group rather than by species. Naming a particular species the catalogue happens to hold would invent a precision the evidence never had.

    • Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine science: distribution, habitat association, shellfish and crustacean monitoring, and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Practitioner consensus — 1 connection

Widely and independently recommended by experienced anglers and specialist sources. This is real angling knowledge, not proof: controlled evidence for it is limited, and FishingHQ records it as convention rather than as a demonstrated effect.

  • Marine-life hazards for divers, in proportion

    An explainer that carries the mechanism the subject record depends on.

    • CMAS technical and sporting standards for underwater activities — Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (Standards body)Relied on for: Breath-hold diving and spearfishing practice, training structure and safety expectations as set out by the international underwater federation.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice: approach, quarry behaviour and the handling of speared fish, from a practitioner tradition distinct from the European one.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Told apart from

What these connections rest on (2)

Practitioner consensus — 2 connections

Widely and independently recommended by experienced anglers and specialist sources. This is real angling knowledge, not proof: controlled evidence for it is limited, and FishingHQ records it as convention rather than as a demonstrated effect.

  • Conger eel

    A comparison a reader with the animal or the decision in front of them actually needs, joining two records that resolve one another.

    • Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine science: distribution, habitat association, shellfish and crustacean monitoring, and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

  • Red scorpionfish

    A comparison a reader with the animal or the decision in front of them actually needs, joining two records that resolve one another.

    • Cefas science, advice and data on marine and freshwater environments — Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Government fisheries body)Relied on for: UK marine science: distribution, habitat association, shellfish and crustacean monitoring, and the biological basis of management advice.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Habitat, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Scientific evidence — 1 connection

Supported by peer-reviewed research or fisheries science. The sources are listed and can be checked.

  • Conger eel

    Taxonomic and practical relatedness recorded because confusable species matter more to a reader than a shared family does, with the evidence naming the species the edge is about.

    • The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe — Macmillan, 1969 (Reference work)Relied on for: Identification characters, family placement and biology of Conger conger and of the species it is confused with, as set out for the fauna of the British Isles and north-west Europe.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
    • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic characters and family placement of Conger conger as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

Safety reading

What these connections rest on (1)

Authoritative guidance — 1 connection

Stated by a fisheries authority, scientific institute or recognised angling body. Authoritative, but summarising rather than demonstrating.

  • Dangerous animals where you fish

    A link to a safety topic substantial enough to be read in full.

    • RNLI water safety guidance: cold water shock and Float to Live — Royal National Lifeboat Institution (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Water safety guidance for coastal and inland users.States this directlyPassage read and verified

Check the rules before you fish

Fishing laws, bylaws, access rules, seasons, bait restrictions and permitted methods vary by location and can change. Check the current rules from the relevant authority and the water you intend to fish before fishing.

Check with:

  • Current national or regional law for where you are fishing
  • Current local bylaws
  • The relevant fisheries authority
  • The landowner, club or fishery whose water it is
  • Any restrictions specific to the species or the method you intend to use

Sources for this page

  • FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes and the FAO Species Catalogues — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Scientific institute)Relied on for: Diagnostic identification characters, family placement, depth range and distribution as set out in the FAO species identification sheets for the region concerned.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species — International Union for Conservation of Nature (Conservation authority)Relied on for: The global Red List category and the assessment behind it, assessed 11 January 2014. A statement about the species across its range and not about any managed stock.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • UK Diving Medical Committee guidance on medical standards for divers — UK Diving Medical Committee (Water-safety or diver-training authority)Relied on for: Medical guidance relevant to divers, including the management of marine envenomation and the assessment of fitness to dive.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly
  • BlueWater Hunting and Freediving — BlueWater Freedivers, Ventura, California, 1995 (Practitioner report)Relied on for: Spearfishing practice: approach, quarry behaviour, shot placement and the handling of speared fish, from a practitioner tradition distinct from the European one.States this directlyCitation checked — the work exists and is described correctly

How FishingHQ labels evidence is explained in the evidence policy.

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